Informatics Publishing Limited

Bhaskaran Sathyapriya ¹, Govindarajan Sumathy ¹, Balasubramanian Chandrakala ¹, Jinu Merlin Koshy ², Jayamathi Govindaraj ³, Kesavaram Padmavathy ⁴

Affiliations
1 Sree Balaji Dental College & Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, IN
2 Department of Anatomy, Sree Balaji Dental College & Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, IN
3 Department of Biochemistry, Sree Balaji Dental College & Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, IN
4 Department of Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College & Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, IN

Abstract

Xylene is a colorless liquid with the molecular formula C8H10. A flammable, non-explosive aromatic hydrocarbon, xylene consists of a benzene ring with two attached methyl groups. Xylene occurs naturally in petroleum and small amounts occur in gasoline and jet fuel. It is used in paints, inks, glues and other products. The population at large is expected to be exposed primarily to mixed xylenes, rather than to any of the xylene isomers individually. The general population can be exposed to xylene via inhalation of indoor and workplace air, automobile exhaust, tobacco smoke, xylene-containing solvents, ingestion of contaminated drinking water, and dermal absorption of xylene containing products. Xylene is released primarily from industrial sources. The existence of hazards in the workplace has raised concerns about the potential of these substances for adverse effects.

Keywords

Xylene, Dyspnoea, Occupational.

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Govindarajan Sumathy ¹, Bhaskaran Sathyapriya ¹, Balasubramanian Chandrakala ¹, Jinu Merlin Koshy ², Jayamathi Govindaraj ³, Kesavaram Padmavathy ⁴

Affiliations
1 Sree Balaji Dental College & Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, IN
2 Department of Anatomy, Sree Balaji Dental College & Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, IN
3 Department of Biochemistry, Sree Balaji Dental College & Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, IN
4 Department of Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College & Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, IN

Abstract

Xylene is an aromatic hydrocarbon known for its wide usage in tissue processing, staining and cover slipping in the histology laboratory. The hazards of xylene are well documented, making it a potential occupational hazard for the histopathological technicians. As every other profession became cautious of the occupational hazards, the very speciality that identifies the illnesses became one of the last to become aware and remedy its own hazards. This article aims to discuss the toxicity of xylene and safety measures to counteract the hazards of xylene.

Keywords

Toxicity of Xylene, Xylene Substitutes, Xylene.

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Thirunavukkarasu Umaarasu ¹, Kesavaram Padmavathy ¹, Dharmalingam Thirunavukkarasu ², Jayamathi Govindaraj ³, S. V. Rajesh ⁴, Gnanendra Shanmugam ⁵

Affiliations
1 Department of Microbiology, Research Laboratory for Oral & Systemic Health, Sree Balaji Dental College & Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education & Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, IN
2 Department of Microbiology, Government Mohan Kumaramangalam Medical College, Salem, Tamil Nadu, IN
3 Department of Botany, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekanandha College, Mylapore, Chennai, Tamilnadu, IN
4 Department of Biochemistry, Sree Balaji Dental College & Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education & Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu,, IN
5 Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, KP

Abstract

With the emergence of multidrug resistance among clinical bacterial pathogens there is a growing need for the development of herbal alternatives for the effective therapeutic management of bacterial infections. Plants and plants products have long been used in traditional folk medicine worldwide. Hence this study was designed to test the antimicrobial efficacy of Withania somnifera L. Dunal. (ischolar_main) against drug resistant bacterial pathogens. Extracts of W. somnifera (L.) Dunal (ischolar_main) was prepared by cold percolation method. Antimicrobial activity of different solvent extracts of W. somnifera (L.) Dunal. (ischolar_main) was studied against drug-resistant clinical isolates of Gram-positive cocci (vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecalis and Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative bacilli (ESBL Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). The standard strains of ATCC 25922 E. coli, ATCC 25923 S. aureus, ATCC 27853 P. aeruginosa, and ATCC 29212 E. faecalis were used as controls. Antibacterial activities of extracts were evaluated using agar well diffusion method. Minimum inhibitory concentration was determined by microbroth dilution method. All the extracts (methanol, ethanol, acetone and chloroform) were inhibitory to gram positive bacteria tested. Nevertheless,inhibitory effect waspronounced in the methanol and ethanol extract, against gram negative bacteria (Both ATCC and clinical strains).Further based on the phytochemical and GC-MS analysis, it could be speculated that the antibacterial activity exhibited by the methanol extract of W. somnifera ischolar_main could be attributed to the presence of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, steroids and terpenes.

Keywords

Antibacterial Efficacy, ESBL, E. coli, Withania somnifera, MRSA, VRE, Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

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Jayamathi Govindaraj ¹, Keerthidaa Govindaraj ², S. Raghavendra Jayesh ³, Padmavathy Kesavaram ⁴, U. Vidyarekha ⁵

Affiliations
1 Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Pallikaranai, IN
2 MDS Department of Periodontics, Thai Mookambihai Dental College and Hospital, MGR University, Maduravoyal, IN
3 Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, (BIHER) Pallikaranai, IN
4 Associate Professor, Department of Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Pallikaranai, IN
5 Senior Lecturer in Public Health Dentistry, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath institute of Higher education and Research, Pallikaaranai, Chennai, IN

Abstract

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were once considered to be deleterious agents, contributing to a vast range of pathologies. Both their damaging and beneficial effects are initiated when they target distinct molecules and consequently begin functioning as part of complex signal-transduction pathways. The recognition of ROS as signaling mediators has driven a wealth of research into their roles in both normal and pathophysiological states. The present review assesses the outline of current perspectives on redox-signaling mechanisms.

Keywords

Reactive Oxygen Species, Oxidative Stress, Nitric Oxide.

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Jayamathi Govindaraj ¹, Keerthidaa Govindaraj ², S. Raghavendra Jayesh ³, Padmavathy Kesavaram ⁴, U. Vidyarekha ⁵

Affiliations
1 Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Sree Balaji Dental College & Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Pallikaranai, IN
2 MDS Department of Periodontics, Thai Mookambihai Dental College and Hospital, MGR University, Maduravoyal, IN
3 Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, Sree Balaji Dental College & Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, (BIHER), Pallikaranai, IN
4 Associate Professor, Department of Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College & Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Pallikaranai, IN
5 Senior Lecturer in Public Health Dentistry, Sree Balaji Dental College & Hospital, Bharath institute of Higher education and Research, Pallikaaranai, Chennai, IN

Abstract

Adipocytokines are mainly adipocyte-derived cytokines regulating metabolism and are key regulators of insulin resistance. Visfatin is a newly discovered adipocyte hormone with a direct relationship type 2 diabetes mellitus. Visfatin/NAMPT (nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase) is a protein with diverse functions. Although the first discovery of this molecule as a pre-B-cell colony-enhancing factor suggested primarily a cytokine function, its rediscovery as the key enzyme in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide generation has considerably widened its potential biological activities. Its broad spectrum of effects is being regarded as a potential approach to prevent and treat various pathological conditions.

Keywords

Adipose Tissue, Adipokines, Quinolinc Acid, Insulin Resistance.

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